Module kramer - a Kramers Ground State Doublet Single Ion Module

The crystal field ground state of a magnetic ion often can be approximated by a doublet. In this description the crystal field anisotropy enters by defining the saturation moment of this doublet in , and direction: denoting the two states of the doublet by $\vert\pm>$ the non vanishing matrix elements of the angular momentum operator can be abbreviated by

$\displaystyle <\pm\vert{\hat \mathbf J}_a\vert\mp>=A$	$\textstyle A^{\star}=A$	$\displaystyle A\mbox{... saturation moment in $a$\ direction}$
$\displaystyle <\pm\vert{\hat \mathbf J}_b\vert\pm>=\pm B$	$\textstyle B^{\star}=B$	$\displaystyle B\mbox{... saturation moment in $b$\ direction}$	(136)
$\displaystyle <\pm\vert{\hat \mathbf J}_c\vert\mp>=C$	$\textstyle C^{\star}=-C$	$\displaystyle C\mbox{... saturation moment in $c$\ direction}$

then the single ion Hamiltonian $H=H_{cf}- g_J \mu_b {\mathbf H}{\mathbf J}$ can be written as

$\begin{displaymath} \hat H=g_J \mu_B \left ( \begin{array}{cc} B H_b & -A ... ...pha & \beta\\ \beta^{\star} & -\alpha \end{array} \right) \end{displaymath}$

(137)

This Hamilton may be diagonalised yielding the 2 eigenvalues $\lambda_{\pm}$ , $\Delta=\lambda_+ - \lambda_-$ :

$\begin{displaymath} \lambda_{\pm}=\pm \sqrt{\alpha^2+\beta^{\star}\beta} \end{displaymath}$

(138)

and the eigenvectors

$\begin{displaymath} \vert\lambda_{\pm}>=\frac{-\beta\vert+>+(\alpha-\lambda_{\p... ... {\sqrt{\vert\alpha-\lambda_{\pm}\vert^2+\beta^{\star}\beta}} \end{displaymath}$

(139)

using Boltzmann statistics ( $Z=\exp(-\Delta/2kT)+\exp(\Delta/2kT)$ ) the expectation values of the magnetic moment can be calculated as

$\begin{displaymath} <{\hat \mathbf M}>=\sum_{\pm}<\lambda_{\pm}\vert g_J{\hat \mathbf J}\vert\lambda_{\pm}> \frac{\exp(-\lambda_{\pm}/kT)}{Z} \end{displaymath}$

(140)

with

$\begin{displaymath} <\lambda_{\pm}\vert\hat J_a\vert\lambda_{\pm}>= \frac{-2A ... ...pm})]} {\vert\alpha-\lambda_{\pm}\vert^2+\beta^{\star}\beta} \end{displaymath}$

(141)

$\begin{displaymath} <\lambda_{\pm}\vert\hat J_b\vert\lambda_{\pm}>= \frac{-B \... ...ert^2} {\vert\alpha-\lambda_{\pm}\vert^2+\beta^{\star}\beta} \end{displaymath}$

(142)

$\begin{displaymath} <\lambda_{\pm}\vert\hat J_c\vert\lambda_{\pm}>= \frac{2 \R... ...\pm})} {\vert\alpha-\lambda_{\pm}\vert^2+\beta^{\star}\beta} \end{displaymath}$

(143)

The magnetic energy can be calculated

$\begin{displaymath} U=\sum_{\pm}\lambda_{\pm}\frac{\exp(-\lambda_{\pm}/kT)}{Z} \end{displaymath}$

(144)

For the calculation of the magnetic excitations the program mcdisp needs also a function which calculates the transition matrix elements

$\begin{displaymath} M_{\alpha\beta}=<\lambda_-\vert\hat J_{\alpha}\vert\lambda_... ...\lambda_+\vert\hat J_{\beta}\vert\lambda_-> \tanh(\Delta/2kT) \end{displaymath}$

(145)

using the expressions

$\begin{displaymath} <\lambda_-\vert\hat J_a\vert\lambda_+>= \frac{-2A (\alpha\... ...\beta) (\vert\alpha-\lambda_{-}\vert^2+\beta^{\star}\beta)}} \end{displaymath}$

(146)

$\begin{displaymath} <\lambda_-\vert\hat J_b\vert\lambda_+>= \frac{-2B \beta^{\... ...\beta) (\vert\alpha-\lambda_{-}\vert^2+\beta^{\star}\beta)}} \end{displaymath}$

(147)

$\begin{displaymath} <\lambda_-\vert\hat J_c\vert\lambda_+>= \frac{2\vert C\ver... ...\beta) (\vert\alpha-\lambda_{-}\vert^2+\beta^{\star}\beta)}} \end{displaymath}$

(148)

The module given in /examples/cecu2a/kramer.c can be compiled by typing make in the directory /examples/cecu2a/ thus using the /examples/cecu2a/makefile. It diagonalises the Hamiltonian (166) and calculates the thermal expectation value of the vector $\mathbf J$ . The moment ${\mathbf M}=g_J \mu_B <{\mathbf J}>_T$ is returned to the mcphas program:

// example c file for dynamically loadable module of program
// mcphas ... it must not be c++, but pure c compiled with gcc and linked 
// with ld  !! The calculation has been compared to the internal (doublet)
// routine of mcphas
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include <complex>
#include <vector.h>

#define MU_B 0.05788
#define K_B  0.0862
#define SMALL 1e-10
#define PI   3.14159265

// this is called directly after loading it into memory from dlopen
#ifdef __linux__
//extern "C" void _init(void)
#else
//extern "C" __declspec(dllexport)void _init(void)
#endif
//{  fprintf(stdout,"kramer.so: is loaded\n");}

// called just before removing from memory
#ifdef __linux__
//extern "C" void _fini(void)
#else
//extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) void _fini(void)
#endif
//{  fprintf(stdout,"kramer.so: is removed\n");}

//routine Icalc for kramers doublet
#ifdef __MINGW32__
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) void Icalc(Vector & Jr,double * T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J, Vector & MODPAR,char ** sipffile,
                      double * lnZ,double * U,ComplexMatrix & est)
#else
extern "C" void Icalc(Vector & Jr,double * T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J, Vector & MODPAR,char ** sipffile,
                      double * lnZ,double * U,ComplexMatrix & est)
#endif
{ /*on input
    T		temperature[K]
    gJmbHin	vector of effective field [meV]
    gJ          Lande factor
    MODPAR         single ion parameter values (A, B, C corresponding to <+|Ja|->,<-|Jb|->,<+|Jc|->/i
                 MODPAR4= angle of rotation around c axis (deg)
                 MODPAR5= angle of rotation around new x axis (degree)

  on output    
    J		single ion momentum vector <J>
    Z		single ion partition function
    U		single ion magnetic energy
*/
// check dimensions of vector
if(Jr.Hi()!=3||Hxc.Hi()!=3||MODPAR.Hi()!=5)
   {fprintf(stderr,"Error loadable module kramer.so: wrong number of dimensions - check number of columns in file mcphas.j or number of parameters in single ion property file\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}
Vector gjmbHin(1,Hxc.Hi());
gjmbHin=Hxc+(*g_J)*MU_B*Hext;

// rotate effective field
double sf=sin(MODPAR(4)*PI/180);
double cf=cos(MODPAR(4)*PI/180);
double st=sin(-MODPAR(5)*PI/180);
double ct=cos(-MODPAR(5)*PI/180);
Vector J(1,3);
Vector gjmbH(1,3);
Matrix rot(1,3,1,3);
      rot(1,1)=cf;    rot(1,2)=sf;   rot(1,3)=0;
      rot(2,1)=-ct*sf;rot(2,2)=ct*cf;rot(2,3)=-st;
      rot(3,1)=-st*sf;rot(3,2)=st*cf;rot(3,3)=ct;
Matrix brot(1,3,1,3);
      brot(1,1)=cf;    brot(1,2)=-sf*ct;   brot(1,3)=-st*sf;
      brot(2,1)=sf;brot(2,2)=ct*cf;brot(2,3)=st*cf;
      brot(3,1)=0.0  ;brot(3,2)=-st;brot(3,3)=ct;

//printf("%g %g %g\n",gjmbHin(1),gjmbHin(2),gjmbHin(3));
gjmbH=rot*gjmbHin;
//printf("%g %g %g\n",gjmbH(1),gjmbH(2),gjmbH(3));
   
  double alpha, betar, betai, lambdap,lambdap_K_BT, lambdap2, expp, expm, np, nm;
  double nennerp, nennerm, jap, jam, jbp, jbm, jcp, jcm,Z;
  double alpha_lambdap,alphaplambdap,alphaxlambdap;
  alpha = MODPAR[2] * gjmbH[2];
  betar = -MODPAR[1] * gjmbH[1];
  betai = -MODPAR[3] * gjmbH[3];

  lambdap2 = alpha * alpha + betar * betar + betai * betai;
  lambdap = sqrt (lambdap2);
  lambdap_K_BT=lambdap/K_B/(*T);
  if (lambdap_K_BT>700){lambdap_K_BT=700;}
  if (lambdap_K_BT<-700){lambdap_K_BT=-700;}
  expm = exp (lambdap_K_BT);
  expp = 1/expm; //=exp (-lambdap_K_BT);
  Z = expp + expm;
  (*lnZ)=log(Z);
  np = expp / Z;
  nm = expm / Z;
  (*U)=lambdap*(np-nm); // energy
//printf("T=%g expp=%g expm=%g \n",(*T),expp,expm);

    alphaxlambdap=alpha*lambdap;
    alpha_lambdap=alpha-lambdap;
    alphaplambdap=alpha+lambdap;
    nennerp=  2.0*(-alphaxlambdap+lambdap2);    
    nennerm=  2.0*(alphaxlambdap+lambdap2);    

  if (nennerp > SMALL)
    {
      jap = -MODPAR[1] * 2.0 * betar * (alpha_lambdap) / nennerp;
      jbp = MODPAR[2] * (2.0 * alpha*alpha_lambdap) / nennerp;
      jcp = -2.0 * MODPAR[3] * betai * (alpha_lambdap) / nennerp;
    }
  else
    {
      jap = 0;
      if (alpha * alpha > SMALL)
	{
	  jbp = -copysign (MODPAR[2], alpha);
	}
      else
	{
	  jbp = 0;
	}
      jcp = 0;
    }

  if (nennerm > SMALL)
    {
      jam = -MODPAR[1] * 2.0 * betar * (alphaplambdap) / nennerm;
      jbm = MODPAR[2] * (2.0 * alpha*alphaplambdap) / nennerm;
      jcm = -2.0 * MODPAR[3] * betai * (alphaplambdap) / nennerm;
    }
  else
    {
      jam = 0;
      if (alpha * alpha > SMALL)
	{
	  jbm = copysign (MODPAR[2], alpha);
	}
      else
	{
	  jbm = 0;
	}
      jcm = 0;
    }

  J[1] = np * jap + nm * jam;
  J[2] = np * jbp + nm * jbm;
  J[3] = np * jcp + nm * jcm;
// printf ("np=%g nm=%g jap=%g jbp=%g jcp=%g jam=%g jbm=%g jcm=%g \n",np,nm,jap,jbp,jcp,jam,jbm,jcm);
//  printf ("gjmbHa=%g gjmbHb=%g gjmbHc=%g Ja=%g Jb=%g Jc=%g \n", gjmbH[1], gjmbH[2], gjmbH[3], J[1], J[2], J[3]);
//printf("J %g %g %g\n",J(1),J(2),J(3));

Jr=brot*J;
//printf("J %g %g %g\n",Jr(1),Jr(2),Jr(3));


return;
}

#ifdef __MINGW32__
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) void mcalc(Vector & Jr,double * T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J, Vector & MODPAR,char ** sipffile,
                      ComplexMatrix & est)
#else
extern "C" void mcalc(Vector & Jr,double * T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J, Vector & MODPAR,char ** sipffile,
                      ComplexMatrix & est)
#endif
{ double U,lnz;
  Icalc(Jr,T, Hxc,Hext,g_J,MODPAR,sipffile,&U,&lnz,est); 
  Jr*=(*g_J);
}
/**************************************************************************/
// for mcdisp this routine is needed
#ifdef __MINGW32__
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) int du1calc(int & tn,double & T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J,Vector & MODPAR, char ** sipffile,
                       ComplexVector & u1r,float & delta,int & n, int & nd,ComplexMatrix & est)
#else
extern "C" int du1calc(int & tn,double & T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J,Vector & MODPAR, char ** sipffile,
                       ComplexVector & u1r,float & delta,int & n, int & nd,ComplexMatrix & est)
#endif
{ 
  /*on input
    tn          transition-number - meaningless for kramers doublet, because there is only one transition
    MODPAR         A,M,Ci...saturation moment/gJ[MU_B] of groundstate doublet in a.b.c direction
    g_J		lande factor
    T		temperature[K]
    gjmbH	vector of effective field [meV]
  on output    
    delta	splitting of kramers doublet [meV]
    u1r(i)	<-|Ji-<Ji>|+> sqrt(tanh(delta/2kT))
*/
  double alpha, betar, betai, lambdap,lambdap_K_BT, lambdap2, expp, expm, np, nm;
  double nennerp, nennerm, nenner;
  complex<double> ja,jb,jc,i(0,1),jap,jbp,jcp,jam,jbm,jcm;
  double alpha_lambdap,alphaplambdap,alphaxlambdap;
  double Z,lnz,u;
  static int pr;
  static Vector gjmbHin(1,3);
gjmbHin=Hxc+(*g_J)*MU_B*Hext;
  static Vector Jin(1,3);
  static Vector J(1,3);
  static ComplexVector u1(1,3);
  // clalculate thermal expectation values (needed for quasielastic scattering)
  Jin=0;if(T>0){ Icalc(Jin,&T,Hxc,Hext,g_J,MODPAR,sipffile,&lnz,&u,est);}
                else {T=-T;}
// rotate effective field
double sf=sin(MODPAR(4)*PI/180);
double cf=cos(MODPAR(4)*PI/180);
double st=sin(-MODPAR(5)*PI/180);
double ct=cos(-MODPAR(5)*PI/180);
Vector gjmbH(1,3);
Matrix rot(1,3,1,3);
      rot(1,1)=cf;    rot(1,2)=sf;   rot(1,3)=0;
      rot(2,1)=-ct*sf;rot(2,2)=ct*cf;rot(2,3)=-st;
      rot(3,1)=-st*sf;rot(3,2)=st*cf;rot(3,3)=ct;
Matrix brot(1,3,1,3);
      brot(1,1)=cf;    brot(1,2)=-sf*ct;   brot(1,3)=-st*sf;
      brot(2,1)=sf;brot(2,2)=ct*cf;brot(2,3)=st*cf;
      brot(3,1)=0.0  ;brot(3,2)=-st;brot(3,3)=ct;

gjmbH=rot*gjmbHin;
J=rot*Jin;

  pr=0;
  if (tn<0) {pr=1;tn*=-1;}

  alpha = MODPAR[2] * gjmbH[2];
  betar = -MODPAR[1] * gjmbH[1];
  betai = -MODPAR[3] * gjmbH[3];
  lambdap2 = alpha * alpha + betar * betar + betai * betai;
  lambdap = sqrt (lambdap2);
  
  lambdap_K_BT=lambdap/K_B/T;
  if (lambdap_K_BT>700){lambdap_K_BT=700;}
  if (lambdap_K_BT<-700){lambdap_K_BT=-700;}
  expm = exp (lambdap_K_BT);
  expp = 1/expm; //=exp (-lambdap_K_BT);
  Z = expp + expm;
  np = expp / Z;
  nm = expm / Z;

    alphaxlambdap=alpha*lambdap;
    alpha_lambdap=alpha-lambdap;
    alphaplambdap=alpha+lambdap;
    nennerp=  2.0*(-alphaxlambdap+lambdap2);    
    nennerm=  2.0*(alphaxlambdap+lambdap2);    

if (tn==2)
 {delta=2*lambdap; //set delta !!!
    nenner=sqrt(nennerp*nennerm);

  if (nenner > SMALL)
    {
      ja = -MODPAR[1] * 2.0*(alpha * betar+i * betai * lambdap) / nenner;
      jb = -MODPAR[2] * 2.0 * (betar*betar+betai*betai) / nenner;
      jc = -MODPAR[3] * 2.0*(alpha*betai -i *betar*lambdap) / nenner;
    }
  else
    {
      if (alpha > SMALL)
	{ja = MODPAR[1];  // <-| is the ground state
  	 jb = 0;
         jc = -i*MODPAR[3];
	}
      else
	{ja = MODPAR[1];  // <+| is the ground state
  	 jb = 0;
         jc = i*MODPAR[3]; 	
	}
    }

 if (delta>SMALL)
  {// now lets calculate mat
  u1(1)=ja*sqrt(nm-np);
  u1(2)=jb*sqrt(nm-np);
  u1(3)=jc*sqrt(nm-np);
  } else
  {// quasielastic scattering needs epsilon * nm / KT ....
  u1(1)=ja*sqrt(nm/K_B/T);
  u1(2)=jb*sqrt(nm/K_B/T);
  u1(3)=jc*sqrt(nm/K_B/T);
  }
 }
 else
 { delta=-SMALL; // transition within the same level
  if (nennerp > SMALL)
    {
      jap = -MODPAR[1] * 2.0 * betar * (alpha_lambdap) / nennerp;
      jbp = MODPAR[2] * (2.0 * alpha*alpha_lambdap) / nennerp;
      jcp = -2.0 * MODPAR[3] * betai * (alpha_lambdap) / nennerp;
    }
  else
    {
      jap = 0;
      if (alpha * alpha > SMALL)
	{
	  jbp = -copysign (MODPAR[2], alpha);
	}
      else
	{
	  jbp = -MODPAR[2];
	}
      jcp = 0;
    }

  if (nennerm > SMALL)
    {
      jam = -MODPAR[1] * 2.0 * betar * (alphaplambdap) / nennerm;
      jbm = MODPAR[2] * (2.0 * alpha*alphaplambdap) / nennerm;
      jcm = -2.0 * MODPAR[3] * betai * (alphaplambdap) / nennerm;
    }
  else
    {
      jam = 0;
      if (alpha * alpha > SMALL)
	{
	  jbm = copysign (MODPAR[2], alpha);
	}
      else
	{
	  jbm = MODPAR[2];
	}
      jcm = 0;
    }
 if (tn==1)
 {// now lets calculate mat
 u1(1)=(jam-J(1))*sqrt(nm/K_B/T);
 u1(2)=(jbm-J(2))*sqrt(nm/K_B/T);
 u1(3)=(jcm-J(3))*sqrt(nm/K_B/T);
 }else{ // tn = 3 in this case
 // now lets calculate mat
 u1(1)=(jap-J(1))*sqrt(np/K_B/T);
 u1(2)=(jbp-J(2))*sqrt(np/K_B/T);
 u1(3)=(jcp-J(3))*sqrt(np/K_B/T);
 }
}
if (pr==1) printf ("delta=%4.6g meV\n",delta);
 
// rotate back mat(i,j)
for(int i=1;i<=3;++i)for(int j=1;j<=3;++j){
u1r(i)=0.0;
for(int i1=1;i1<=3;++i1){
u1r(i)+=brot(i,i1)*u1(i1);
}}


return 3;// kramers doublet has always exactly one transition + 2 levels (quasielastic scattering)!
}

/**************************************************************************/
// for mcdisp this routine is needed
#ifdef __MINGW32__
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) int dm1(int & tn,double & T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J,Vector & MODPAR, char ** sipffile,
                       ComplexVector & m1,float & maxE,ComplexMatrix & est)
#else
extern "C" int dm1(int & tn,double & T, Vector & Hxc,Vector & Hext,double * g_J,Vector & MODPAR, char ** sipffile,
                       ComplexVector & m1,float & maxE,ComplexMatrix & est)
#endif
{int nnt,n,nd;
nnt=du1calc(tn,T,Hxc,Hext,g_J,MODPAR,sipffile,m1,maxE,n,nd,est);m1*=(*g_J);return nnt; 
}
//