DyNi$_2$B$_2$C - single ion module

The crystal field ground state of the $J=15/2$ Dy$^{3+}$ ion in DyNi$_2$B$_2$C can be described by a quasi-quartet consisting of two doublets separated by a energy interval $\Delta$.

In order to calculate efficiently the single ion property (for small effective magnetic fields in comparison to the total CF splitting) the Hamiltonian $H=H_{cf}- g_J \mu_b {\mathbf H}{\mathbf J}$ is projected to the quasi quartet and may be written as

  $$H=\left ( \begin{array}{cccc} -\Delta/2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -\Del... ...0 & 0 & \Delta/2 \end{array}\right) -g_J \mu_B (H_a J_a + H_b J_b + H_c J_b)$$ (164)

with the angular momentum operators given by the 4x4 matrices

  $$J_a= \left ( \begin{array}{cccc} 0 & b & 0 & c \\ b & 0 & c & 0 \\ 0 & c & 0 & e \\ c & 0 & e & 0 \end{array}\right )$$ (165)

  $$J_b= \left ( \begin{array}{cccc} 0 & -ib & 0 & ic \\ +ib & 0 & -ic & 0 \\ 0 & +ic & 0 & -ie \\ -ic & 0 & +ie & 0 \end{array}\right )$$ (166)

  $$J_c= \left ( \begin{array}{cccc} +a& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &-a & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &-d & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &+d \end{array}\right )$$ (167)

The constants $a$-$e$ can be computed from the crystal field parameters, if these are known. On the other hand, they are connected to the saturation magnetic moments $\mathbf M$ by the following equations ($\max(...)$ denotes the maximum of the argument values)

  $$M_{001}=g_J \mu_B \max(\vert a\vert,\vert d\vert)$$ (168)

	$$M_{100}$$	$=$	$$g_J \mu_B \lambda$$	(169)
	$$2\lambda^2$$	$=$	$$e^2+2c^2+b^2 + \sqrt{(e^2+2c^2+b^2)^2-4(be{\mathbf -}c^2)}$$	(170)

	$$M_{110}$$	$=$	$$g_J \mu_B \lambda$$	(171)
	$$2\lambda^2$$	$=$	$$e^2+2c^2+b^2 + \sqrt{(e^2+2c^2+b^2)^2-4(be{\mathbf +}c^2)}$$	(172)

The module given in /examples/dyni2b2c/1ion_mod/quartett.c diagonalises the Hamiltonian (176) and calculates the thermal expectation value $<>_T$ of the vector $\mathbf J$,which is returned to the McPhas program.